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Nitrogen
Nitrogen increases the growth rate and the leaf size. It also intensifies the chlorophyll and the protein content. Crops with nitrogen deficiency turn to yellow but still have green veins. The yield is greatly impacted by nitrogen deficiency as it is the nutrient with the biggest influence on yield.
Ammonia storage tank
Ammonia bullets
LIQUID AMMONIA STORAGE
- For big storage capacities, liquid ammonia is stored in a refrigerated tank. Ammonia storage tank will be a double wall, double integrity, storage tank. Both walls will be able to structurally hold the total capacity of liquid ammonia. Ammonia vapors generated from Ammonia storage tank are compressed at vapor recovery compressor and sent back to Ammonia storage tank.
- For small storage capacities, liquid ammonia is stored in pressurized bullets. The pressure inside the bullets (vertical containers) are imposed by the climatic conditions on-site. Several bullets can be implemented in the storage area.
- For intermediate storage capacities, liquid ammonia is stored in semi-refrigerated tanks. This technology combines the characteristics of the two above technologies (pressurized tanks refrigerated).
References:
Nitric acid plant
NITRIC ACID (NA)
Nitric acid (HNO3) is a highly corrosive mineral acid used in the production of ammonium nitrate and many other derived nitrate products which find applications as fertilizers as well as explosives.
CFIh can design single pressure nitric acid plant and dual pressure nitric acid plant, as well as help in relocation and set-up of used nitric acid plant.
References:
LDAN prills
LOW DENSITY AMMONIUM NITRATE (LDAN)
LDAN is a explosive mainly used in the mining industry.
AN solution (ANSol) is synthesized in a neutralizer by reacting gaseous ammonia with nitric acid. The ANSol is then concentrated in an evaporator to form concentrated AN solution. Concentrated AN solution is then prilled in prilling tower. The prilled ammonium nitrate is then conditioned in predryer-dryer drum where the porosity of the prills are created (giving the explosive capacity of the LDAN), further cooled in fluidized bed cooler and finally coated in the coating drum.
The vapors generated in the process is cleaned in the scrubbers and the process condensates generated can be treated in the process condensates treatment unit.
References:
AN emulsion
AMMONIUM NITRATE EMULSION
Ammonium nitrate emulsion is an emulsion of fuel into ANsol (ANSol). ANsol solution is mixed with dry ingredients for the preparation of an oxidizer solution. The oxidizer solution is sent to a blender to be mixed with the fuel, and some additives for the final emulsion formulation. This final emulsion is the pumped through a plate heat exchanger cooler before being stored in silo or truck.
References:
AN granules
AN prills
HIGH DENSITY AMMONIUM NITRATE (HDAN)
High Density Ammonium Nitrate (HDAN) is a popular fertilizer since it provides half of the N in the nitrate form and half in the ammonium form.
Ammonium nitrate solution (ANSol) is prepared in a neutralizer by reacting gaseous ammonia with nitric acid. The AN solution is then concentrated in an evaporator to form concentrated AN solution. Concentrated AN solution is then once again evaporated in a air swept concentrator. The concentrated AN solution can be either prilled in prilling tower or granulated in a fluidized rotary granulator. The prilled / granulated ammonium nitrate is cooled in fluidized bed cooler or drum cooler and coated in the coating drum.
The vapors generated in the process is cleaned in the scrubbers and the process condensates generated can be treated in the process condensates treatment unit.
References:
AS granules
AS dry crystallization
AS large crystals
AS crystals
AMMONIUM SULFATE (AS)
Ammonium Sulphate (AS) is a quick acting acidic fertiliser used for crop production. It is available in granules or crystals form.
AS granules: The reaction takes place in a chemical granulator equipped with a pipe reactor where all the chemicals are introduced. The granulation occurs via ‘the onion layering” method on a bed of small AS granules. An additive may be added in order to facilitate the granulation. All the granules passes through the dryer drum, the cooler drum, the coating drum and finally to storage. Any dusty air coming through the process is treated in the scrubbers.
AS dry crystallization: Pipe reactor, placed at the top of the prilling tower, is fed with sulfuric acid and liquid ammonia and the reaction takes place in the pipe reactor. The AS crystals, formed in the prilling tower, are conditioned through dryer drum, the cooler drum and finally to storage. Any dusty air coming through the process is treated in the scrubbers.
AS large crystals : AS crystals are directly synthesized from gaseous ammonia and sulfuric acid, by a reactive crystallization which takes place in a DTB crystallizer. The crystals are conditioned through dryer drum, the cooler drum and finally to storage. Any dusty air coming through the process is treated in the scrubbers.
AS small crystals : AS small crystals are directly synthesized from gaseous ammonia and sulfuric acid, by a reactive crystallization which takes place in a FC crystallizer. The crystals are conditioned through dryer drum, the cooler drum before storage. Any dusty air coming through the process is treated in the scrubbers.
AS crystals from Nitrphosphate: Phosphogypsum is crushed and washed. Ammonia, carbon dioxide and water are mixed together for the synthesis of ammonium carbonate.
Ammonium carbonate is sent to the conversion unit. The solution is concentrated by evaporator. In the DTB crystallizer, AS crystallization takes place. Any dusty air coming through the process is treated in the scrubbers.
References:
ASN granules
AMMONIUM SULFO NITRATE (ASN)
Ammonium Sulpho-Nitrate (ASN) is a granular fertilizer which can be used both prior to sowing and for top dressing.
ASN is produced from crushed AS crystals and concentrated ammonium nitrate solution (ANS). The ASN slurry is atomized by compressed air and introduced in the granulator dryer onto a recycle bed of small particles, the granules are then building up by the onion layering principle. Hot air is also circulating co-currently which allows the drying to occur in the same equipment. The granules are conditioned through the cooler drum, the coating drum before storage. Any dusty air coming through the process is treated in the scrubbers.
References:
CN granules
CALCIUM NITRATE (CN)
CN is synthesized by attacking limestone (or similar CaO source) by nitric acid in an agitated atmospheric neutralizer. The CN solution is then concentrated in evaporator to form concentrated CN solution. The concentrated CN solution is granulated in a fluidized rotary granulator. The granulated ammonium nitrate is cooled in drum cooler and coated in the coating drum. The vapors generated in the process is cleaned in the scrubbers.
References:
MgN solution
MAGNESIUM NITRATE (MgN)
MgN is synthesized by the reaction between nitric acid and magnesium oxide (or magnesium carbonate suspension in magnesium nitrate solution). MgO source in powder form is introduced in the pre-mixing tank where it is dissolved in a acidic magnesium nitrate hexahydrate solution. This suspension solution is sent to atmospheric neutralizer where it reacts with nitric acid and scrubbing water to forms MgN. The MgN solution is then concentrated in evaporator to form concentrated MgN solution. The concentrated MgN solution is granulated in a fluidized rotary granulator. The granulated ammonium nitrate is cooled in drum cooler and coated in the coating drum. The vapors generated in the process is cleaned in the scrubbers.
CAN granules
CALCIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (CAN)
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate (CAN) is a granulated fertilizer which is preferred for the use on acid soils, as it acidifies soil less than many common nitrogenous fertilizers.
CAN slurry is produced by mixing ammonium nitrate solution (ANSol) with calcium oxide source (calcium carbonate and dolomite etc.), filler and scrubbing water.
The CAN slurry is atomized by compressed air and introduced in the granulator dryer onto a recycle bed of small particles, the granules are then building up by the onion layering principle. Hot air is also circulating co-currently which allows the drying to occur in the same equipment. The granules are conditioned through the cooler drum, the coating drum before storage. Any dusty air coming through the process is treated in the scrubbers.
Controlled release urea
CONTROLLED RELEASE UREA (CRU)
Controlled Release Urea (CRU) is used when nitrogen must be released in small quantities during a long period. Urea is screened and sent to a heating hopper (working as fluidized bed) using hot air for slightly increasing the urea temperature without any degradation. Urea is then sent to a coater where paraffin, additive and silica is successively coated on the urea. The coated CRU is finally cooled down in a cooling hopper. Dusty air from this hopper is filtered and the recovered silica can be recycled back to the process. Any other dusty air coming from the process is treated in the scrubbers.
Sulfur coated urea
SULFUR COATED UREA (SCU)
Sulfur Coated Urea (SCU), which is a slow release fertilizer, is formed by coating urea prills or granules with sulfur .
Sulfur is an important element for plants; sulfur deficiency is manifested a yellowing of the plant, especially in the younger leaves.
Solid urea (granule or prill form) is firstly screened and then heated through a bulk heater and is sent to the fluidized rotary granulator where molten sulfur is sprayed on heated urea and hot air helps the solidification of melt leading to sulfur coated urea. SCU particles are directed to a bulk cooler to be cooled down and then sent to the coater. Dusty air generated during the process is washed by water in scrubber before being released to atmosphere.
UREA AMMONIUM NITRATE (UAN)
Urea Ammonium Nitrate (UAN) is a mixture of urea and AN containing 28% to 32% nitrogen (N) is one of the most popular liquid nitrogenous fertilizer.
UAN solution is produced by mixing stipulated quantity of 84% Ammonium Nitrate solution, water and solid urea in the reactor.
Solid urea is dissolved in AN solution and water to form UAN solution; agitator assures the homogeneity of the mixture. UAN solution is filtrated before going to storage tank.
Urea source can also be urea melt, in this case, the quantity of water added in the reactor is reduced.
UAS granules
UREA AMMONIUM SULFATE (UAS)
Urea ammonium sulfate (UAS) is suitable for basic fertilizing of most agricultural plants, and also for additional application during the vegetation.
UAS is a mixture of urea and AS. Urea (granule or prill), AS crystals and scrubbing is introduced into the steam granulator.
Alternatively, urea can be introduced in solution in the granulator instead of solid form. High quality AS slurry can be produced in a pipe reactor by reaction of liquid ammonia and sulfuric acid. This slurry is sprayed on the solid raw materials and the granulation begins.
Exiting the granulator, UAS compounds are directed to a dryer drum, a pre-cooler, and a fluidized bed cooler for conditioning and then coated in the coater. Dusty air generated during the process is treated in scrubber before being released to atmosphere.